Power Foods 101

CHAPTER 1 POWER FOODS

1.     Cotran; Kumar, Collins (1998). Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: W.B Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7335-X.

2.     Khansari N, Shakiba Y, Mahmoudi M., Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer., Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2009 Jan;3(1):73-80.,  PMID:19149749

3.     Edwards T., Inflammation, pain, and chronic disease: an integrative approach to treatment and prevention., Altern Ther Health Med. 2005 Nov-Dec;11(6):20-7; quiz 28, 75., PMID:16320856

4.     Russell Ross, Chapter 3 Inflammation. A Sign of Active Disease, NCBI Resources, Bookshelf ID: NBK2020, Retrieved May 2015 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2020/

5.     Forsythe LK, Wallace JM, Livingstone MB., Obesity and inflammation: the effects of weight loss., Nutr Res Rev. 2008 Dec;21(2):117-33. doi: 10.1017/S0954422408138732., PMID:19087366

6.     Engström G, Hedblad B, Stavenow L, Lind P, Janzon L, Lindgärde F., Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins are associated with future weight gain., Diabetes. 2003 Aug;52(8):2097-101., PMID:12882928

7.     Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Heiss G; Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators., Inflammation markers predict increased weight gain in smoking quitters., Obes Res. 2003 Nov;11(11):1339-44., PMID:14627754

8.     Furhman, Joel, ANDI Food Scores, Sept. 2015, Retrieved Sept. 2015, https://www.drfuhrman.com/library/andi-food-scores.aspx

9.     Servan-Schreiber, MD, PhD, Anticancer: A New Way of Life, (Dr. Béliveau’s Research Trials),, 2009

10.  Calvino, Nicholas, DC, ENZYME NUTRITION: THE FOOD ENZYME CONCEPT Dr. Edward Howell, Executive Book Summary, Retrieved May 2015, http://sites.commercecreators.com/folder1399/listing/EnzymeNutrition.pdf

11.  Howell, Edward, MD, Enzyme Nutrition,  TheFood Enzyme Concept, 1985, Table 3.1, pg. 36

12.  Fallon, Sally with Enig, Mary, G., PhD,  Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, 1999, The Weston Price Organization, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/edward-howell-md/

13.  Kaye Foster-Powell, Susanna HA Holt, and Janette C Brand-Miller, International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002, Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 24, Retrieved May 2015, http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/1/5.full.pdf

14.  Holt, Suzanne, H.A., Brand Miller, Janette, & Petocz, Peter, An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by1000-kJ portions of common foods13, Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 24, 2015, Retrieved May 2015

15.  Self-Nutrition Data, Foods Highest in Fructose, http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000011000000000000000.html, Retrieved May 2015

16.  Omega 3-6 Balance Score, Fast Learner, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.fastlearner.org/Omega3-6Balance.htm

17.  Radiol Clin N Am. 1983, 21:115 – 26

18.  Self-Nutrition Data,, http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods, Retrieved May 2015

19.  Schlosser, E., What you see :Strawberry flavouring,.FastFood Nation2001

20.  Dona A, Arvanitoyannis IS., Health risks of genetically modified foods., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 Feb;49(2):164-75. doi: 10.1080/10408390701855993., PMID:18989835

21.  Bakshi A., Potential adverse health effects of genetically modified crops., J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2003 May-Jun;6(3):211-25., PMID:12746139

22.  Shin Hye Kim, MD and Mi Jung Park, MD, PhD, Effects of phytoestrogen on sexual development, Korean J Pediatr. 2012 Aug; 55(8): 265–271., Published online 2012 Aug 23. doi:  10.3345/kjp.2012.55.8.265, PMCID: PMC3433562

23.  USDA, Economic Research Service. Food availability (per capita) data system. http/www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-(per capita)-data-system.aspx#.Ud8A6UG1GCk.

24.  Lin B-H, Yen ST. The U.S. grain consumption landscape: who eats grain, in what form, where and how much. USDA Economic Research Service, Economic Research Report No. 50; November 2007; http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/216648/err50_1_.pdf.

25.   Americans Falsely Believe Their Diet is Healthy. 2011. Discovery News. http://news.discovery.com/human/americans-diet-weight-110104.html. Accessed May 2014.

26.  Maura L. Scott and Stephen M. Nowlis. The Effect of Goal Specificity on Consumer Goal Reengagement. Journal of Consumer Research, October 2013

27.  Tonstad S, Butler T, Yan R, Fraser GE, Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care 2009, May 32(5):791-6. Doi: 10.2337/dc08-1886. Epub 2009 Apr 7, PMID: 19351712

28.  Barnard ND, Scialli AR,Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ and Glass J, 2005.The effects of a low-fat, plantbased dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Am J Med; 118: 991-997.

29.  Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Knutsen S, Beeson WL, Fraser GE., Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2., JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Jul 8;173(13):1230-8. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6473.

30.  “Religion and Health Study Progress". Adventist Health Studies Report 2008 V: 5. 2008.

31.  Craig WJ. Health effects of vegan diets., Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1627S-1633S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N. Epub 2009 Mar 11.,  PMID:19279075

32.  Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada, 2003, vol 103, issue 6, pp. 748–65. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50142 PMID 12778049

33.  Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian diets". July 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

34.  China-Cornell-Oxford Project". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved March 31, 2012.

35.  Campbell, Colin T, Dietary protein, growth factors and cancer, Am J Clin Nutr June 2007 vol. 85 no. 6 1667

36.  Brody, Jane E. (May 8, 1990). "Huge Study Of Diet Indicts Fat And Meat". The New York Times.

37.  "The Adventist Health Studies". Loma Linda University. Retrieved 2008-05-31

38.  Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G, Burr ML, Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kuzma JW, Mann J, McPherson K (1999). "Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (3 Suppl): 516S–524S. doi:10.1079/phn19980006. PMID 10479225.

39.   Rejecting meat 'keeps weight low', BBC News, March 14, 2006.

40.  Beal, Joan, Endothelial Health and Maintenance, Retrieved, 2015 http://www.ccsvi.org/index.php/helping-myself/endothelial-health

41.  Kolb, H. and Kolb-Bachofen, V. 1998. Nitric oxide in autoimmune disease: cytotoxic or regulatory mediator? Immunology Today,19 (12), 556-561

42.  The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, (1998). Press Release; The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1998. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/press.html

43.  Altman, Jessica K.; Sassano, Antonella; Platanias, Leonidas C. (2011-06-14). "Targeting mTOR for the treatment of AML. New agents and new directions". Oncotarget 2 (6): 510–517. PMC 3248202. PMID 21680954.

44.  Selkoe DJ (September 2008). "Soluble oligomers of the amyloid beta-protein impair synaptic plasticity and behavior". Behav Brain Res. 192 (1): 106–13. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.016. PMC 2601528. PMID 18359102. 

45.  Ritacco, F. V.; Graziani, E. I.; Summers, M. Y.; Zabriskie, T. M.; Yu, K.; Bernan, V. S.; Carter, G. T.; Greenstein, M. (2005). "Production of Novel Rapamycin Analogs by Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (4): 1971–6. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.4.1971-1976.2005. PMC 1082568. PMID 15812028. 

46.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9962/

47.  Abraham, Robert T.; Gibbons, James J.; Graziani, Edmund I. (2010). "Chemistry and Pharmacology of Rapamycin and Its Derivatives". In Hall, Michael N.; Tamanoi, Fuyuhiko. Structure, Function and Regulation of TOR complexes from Yeasts to Mammals. The Enzymes 27. pp. 329–66. doi:10.1016/S1874-6047(10)27017-8. ISBN 978-0-12-381539-2. 

48.  Barrish, Joel C.; Carter, Percy; Cheng, Peter et al., eds. (2010). Accounts in Drug Discovery: Case Studies in Medicinal Chemistry. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-1-84973-126-3.

49.  Cota D, Proulx K, Smith KA, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Woods SC et al. (2006). "Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake". Science 312 (5775): 927–930. doi:10.1126/science.1124147. PMID 16690869.

50.  Beevers CS, Li F, Liu L, Huang S (2006). "Curcumin inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated signaling pathways in cancer cells". Int J Cancer 119 (4): 757–64. doi:10.1002/ijc.21932. PMID 16550606.

51.  Zhou H, Luo Y, Huang S (September 2010). "Updates of mTOR inhibitors". Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10 (7): 571–81. PMC 2980558. PMID 20812900

52.  Fraser GE (2009). "Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89 (5): 1607S–1612S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736K. PMC 2677008. PMID 19321569.

53.  Esselstyn, Caldwell, B., M.D., Resolving the Coronary Artery Disease Epidemic through Plant-Based Nutrition, Preventive Cardiology, 2001; 4: 171-177, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.dresselstyn.com/resolving_cade.htm

54.  Braunwald E. Shattuck Lecture: Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1360-69.

55.  Connor WE, Cerqueira MT, Connor RW, et al. The plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and diet of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1978;31:1131-42.

56.  Sinnett PF, Whyte HM. Epidemiological studies in a total highland population, Tukisenta, New Guinea. Cardiovascular disease and relevant clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological and biochemical findings. J Chron Diseases 1973; 26:265.

57.  Campbell TC, Parpia B, Chen J. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: The Cornell China Study. Am J Card 1998;82(10B):18T-21T.

58.  Miller K. Lipid values in Kalahari Bushman. Arch Intern Med 1968; 121:414.

59.  USDA Sustainable Agriculture & Research Education Program, 2006.

60.  Hall, Alena, What Happened After One Family Went Organic For Just Two Weeks, The Huffington Post, May 14, 2015, Retrieved May 2015

61.  "Nutritional Effects of Food Processing – NutritionData.com". Nutritiondata.com. Retrieved 2,19,2015

62.  "Cooking, loss of nutrients - Health Information About cooking, loss of nutrients | Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of Food and Nutrition". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2008-11-07. 

63.  Morgan, Agnes Fay; Kern, Grace E. (April 1934). "The Effect of Heat Upon the Biological Value of Meat Protein". The Journal of Nutrition 7 (4): 367–79.

64.  Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish, FDA, 1990-2010, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/metals/ucm115644.htm

65.  Rule, D. C., K. S. Brought on, S. M. Shellito, and G. Maiorano. "Comparison of Muscle Fatty Acid Profiles and Cholesterol Concentrations of Bison, Beef Cattle, Elk, and Chicken." J Anim Sci 80, no. 5 (2002): 1202-11.

66.  Health Benefits of Grass-Fed Products, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.eatwild.com/healthbenefits.htm#10

67.  Ponnampalam EN, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ., Effect of feeding systems on omega-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and trans fatty acids in Australian beef cuts: potential impact on human health., Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15(1):21-9., PMID:16500874

68.  Daley, Cynthia A,  Abbott, A, et al.,, A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef, Nutrition Journal 2010, 9:10doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-10Dhiman, T. R., G. R. Anand, et al. (1999). "Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets." J Dairy Sci 82(10): 2146-56. Interestingly, when the pasture was machine-harvested and then fed to the animals as hay, the cows produced far less CLA than when they were grazing on that pasture, even though the hay was made from the very same grass. The fat that the animals use to produce CLA is oxidized during the wilting, drying process. For maximum CLA, animals need to be grazing living pasture.

69.  Smith, G.C. "Dietary supplementation of vitamin E to cattle to improve shelf life and case life of beef for domestic and international markets." Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1171

70.  S.K. Duckett et al, Journal of Animal Science, (published online) June 2009, “Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III. Tissue proximate, fatty acid, vitamin and cholesterol content.”

71.  Slattery, M. L., Benson, J., Curtin, K., Ma, K. N., Schaeffer, D., and Potter, J. D. (2000). Am J Clin Nutr 71, 575-82.

72.  Danby, W.F., Acne, dairy and cancer, The 5α-P link, Dermatoendocrinol. 2009 Jan-Feb; 1(1): 12–16., PMCID: PMC2715202

73.  Ma J, Giovannucci E, Pollak M, Chan JM, Gaziano JM, Willett W, Stampfer MJ., Milk intake, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of colorectal cancer in men, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Sep 5;93(17):1330-6.

74.  Smit, Liesbeth A, Ana Baylin, and Hannia Campos. 2010. Conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Published ahead of print, May 12, 2010.

75.  Maura L. Scott and Stephen M. Nowlis. The Effect of Goal Specificity on Consumer Goal Reengagement. Journal of Consumer Research, October 2013

CHAPTER 2 NOW TO WOW

1.     Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF (October 2003). “Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States”. JAMA 290 (14): 1884–90. doi:10.1001/jama.290.14.1884. PMID 14532317.

2.     American Diabetes Association (2005). “Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes”. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/prevalence.jsp. Retrieved May 2015

3.     Warkentin, J, Chan, M, Igric, A, et al., A needs assessment for obesity-related anticipatory guidance in the pediatric emergency department. Paediatr Child Health 2008:13(9):769-771.

4.     Finkelstein EA, Trogdon JG, Cohen JW, Dietz W. Annual Medical Spending Attributable to Obesity: Payer- and Service-specific Estimates. Health Affairs, 28(5): w822-831, 2009.

5.     CDC. Million Hearts: strategies to reduce the prevalence of leading cardiovascular disease risk factors(http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6036a4.htm?s_cid=mm6036a4_w). United States, 2011. MMWR2011;60(36):1248–51.

6.     Wu SY, Green A. Projection of chronic illness prevalence and cost inflation. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Health; 2000.

7.     American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures, 2014, http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@research/documents/webcontent/acspc-042151.pdf, Retrieved, May 2015

8.     Anderson G. Chronic conditions: making the case for ongoing care. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University; 2004.

9.     Prevention makes common sense, US Department of Health and Human Services, 2003, Retrieved May 2015

10.   World Health Organization. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. Geneva: World Health Or­ganization; 2005. Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/full_report.pdf, Retrieved, May 2015

11.   Buettner, Dan (November 2005). "Longevity: The Secrets of a Long Life". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

12.    “Religion and Health Study Progress". Adventist Health Studies Report 2008 V: 5. 2008.

13.   www.balance.com, Retrieved May 2015

14.   Holt, Susanne H. A.; Miller, Janette C. Brand; Petocz, Peter (November 1997). "An insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66 (5): 1264–1276. PMID 9356547. Retrieved 8 February 2013. Lay summary – David Mendosa (14 October 2009). 
Note: Glucose Score & Insulin Score multiplied by 0.7 for Glycemic index & Insulin index respectively.

15.   Miller, Janette Brand; Pang, Edna; Bramall, Lindsay (December 1992). "Rice: a high or low glycemic index food?" (PDF). The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56 (6): 1034–1036. PMID 1442654. Retrieved 8 February 2013.

16.   http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-018011000000000000000.html?maxCount=21, Retrieved May 2015

17.   Glycemic Index, http://www.glycemicindex.com/foodSearch.php, Retrieved May 2015

18.   Laura Sampson Kent*, Mary Franz*, Jennie Brand Miller**, Walter Willett*, BEYOND GLYCEMIC INDEX:NEW FOOD INSULIN INDEX, *Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, **University of Sydneyhttp://www.nutrientdataconf.org/pastconf/ndbc35/4-2_sampson.pdf

19.   Holt, Susanne H.A.; Brand-Miller, Janette Cecile; Petocz, Peter; Farmakalidis, E. (September 1995). "A satiety index of common foods". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49 (9): 675–690. PMID 7498104. Lay summary – The Satiety Index — What Really Satisfies (2005-01-10).

20.   Milman, Sofiya Atzmon, Gil., et al., Low insulin-like growth factor-1 level predicts survival in humans with exceptional longevity, Aging Cell, Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 769–771, August 2014, DOI: 10.1111/acel.12213

21.   Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ., Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome., Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):911-22., PMID:12399260

22.   Kim, Tae Won, Jeong, Jong-Hyun and Hong, Seung, The Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disturbance on Hormones and Metabolism, Int J Endocrinol. 2015; 2015: 591729., Published online 2015 Mar 11. doi:  10.1155/2015/591729, PMCID: PMC4377487

23.   Johnson, RJ et al., Sugar, uric acid, and the etiology of diabetes and obesity, Diabetes. 2013 Oct;62(10):3307-15. doi: 10.2337/db12-1814., PMID:24065788

24.   Choi HK, Curhan G., Beer, liquor, and wine consumption and serum uric acid level: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey., Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec 15;51(6):1023-9., PMID:15593346

CHAPTER 3 KITCHEN BITS & BITES

1.     Key Safety Questions about the Safety of Nonstick Cookware. Retrieved 28 November 2014, Retrieved May 2015, http://www2.dupont.com/Teflon/en_US/products/safety/key_questions\

2.     Hamaya R, Ono Y, Chida Y, Inokuchi R, Kikuchi K, Tameda T, Tase C, Shinohara K.,  Polytetrafluoroethylene fume-induced pulmonary edema: a case report and review of the literature., J Med Case Rep. 2015 May 14;9:111. doi: 10.1186/s13256-015-0593-9., PMID:25971706

3.     Anne Cooper Funderburg. "Making Teflon Stick". Invention and Technology Magazine. Summer 2000 16 (1). Retrieved 2015-02-21. 

4.     Pennie Stoyles and Peter Pentland (2007). "Non-stick pan". A to Z of Inventions and Inventors: M to P. Black Rabbit Books. p. 17. ISBN 9781583407899. 

5.     "Safety of Teflon Non-Stick Coatings for Cookware". DuPont. Archived from the original on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2009-05-06. 

6.     Jane Houlihan et al. "EWG finds heated Teflon pans can turn toxic faster than DuPont claims". EWG. Retrieved 2009-05-06.  CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

7.     American Cancer Society, Teflon and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)

8.     Tugend, Alina (October 14, 2006). "Teflon Is Great for Politicians but Is It Safe for Regular People?". New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2013. 

9.     Juliet Eilperin: Harmful Teflon Chemical To Be Eliminated by 2015. The Washington Post, 2006-01-26

10.   C.F. Skibola, J.D. Curry, C. VandeVoort, A. Conley, M.T. Smith. “ Brown kelp modulates endocrine hormones in female Sprague-Dawley rats and in human luteninized granulose cells. “ J. Nutrition 2005; 135: 296-300.

11.   E. Kotake-Nara, M. Kushiro, H. Zhang, T. Sugawara, K. Miyashita, A. Nagao. “ Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells. “ J. Nutrition 2001; 131: 3303-33

12.   Sprouted grains have more nutritional value than their unsprouted counter"Plant-based nutrition". Spring 2002. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 

13.   Chavan, JK; Kadan (1989). "SS". Critical Reveiwes in Food Science and Nutrition 28 (5): 401–437.CHAPTER

CHAPTER 4 WELLNESS ON THE GO!

1.      Frye, C., Bo, E. et al. Endocrine Disrupters: A Review of Some Sources, Effects and Mechanisms of Action on Behavior and Neuroendocrine Systems, J Neuroendocrinol. 2012 Jan:24(1):144-159, doi: 10.1111/i.1365-2826.2011.02229.x, PMC3245362

2.     Bar-El, DS, Reinfen R., Soy as an endocrine disruptor: cause for caution?, J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Sep;23(9):855-61.

3.     Bohn, Lisbet, Meyer, A.S. and Rasmussen, S. Phytate: impact on environment and human nutrition. A challenge for molecular breeding., J Zhejiang, Univ Sci B. 2008 mar; 9(3):165-191, doi: 10.1631/zus.B07 10640, PMC2266880

4.     Hurrell, RF, Juillerat, MA et al., Soy protei, phytate, and iron absorption in humans., Am J Clin Nutr., 1992 Sept;56(3);573-8, PMID:1503071

5.     Heaney, PR, Weaver CM Fitzsimons ML., Soybean phytate content: effect on calcium absorption, Am J Clin Nutr., 1991, Mar; 53(3):745-7

6.     Davidson, L, Almgren A, et al., Manganese absorption in humans: the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid in soy formula., Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Nov; 62(5):984-7., PMID: 7572746

7.     Reddy NR et al, Food Phytates, CRC Press, 2001.

8.     Van Resburg et al., “Nutritional status of African populations predisposed to esophageal cancer”, Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 4, 1983, pp. 206-216; Moser, P.B. e t al., “ Copper, iron, zinc andselenium dietary intake and status of Nepalese lactating women and their breastfed infants”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47:729-734, April 1988; Harland, B.F. et al., “Nutritional status and phytate: zinc and phytate X calcium: zinc dietary molar ratios of lacto-ovo-vegetarian Trappist monks: 10 years later”, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 88:1562-1566, December 1988.

9.     El Tiney, A.H., “Proximate Composition and Mineral and Phytate Contents of Legumes Grown in Sudan”, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis (1989) 2: 6778.

10.   Reddy NR et al. Food Phytates, 1st Edition, CRC Press, 2001, pages 30-32

11.   “Consumer Q&A”, FDA.gov., 2009-03-06. Retrieved May 2015

12.   Coleman, RichardJ., “Vegetable Protein _ A Delayed Birth?” Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 52:238A, April 1975.

13.   Clarkson, TB, et al, The role of soy isoflavones in menopausal health: report of The North American Menopause Society/Wulf H. Utian Translational Science Symposium in Chicago, IL (October 2010)., Menopause, 2011, Jul; 18(7);732-53. Doi 10.1097

14.   Doerge, Dr, Sheehan, DM, Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones, Environ Health Perspect, 2002, June; 110 Suppl 3: 349-53.

15.   McPerson, K, Steel, CM and Dixon, J.M., Breast cancer –epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics, BMJ. 2000 Sep 9321(7261):624-628, PMC1118507

16.   Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Simmen RC, Simmen FA. Soy protein isolate and protection against cancer. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:146S-149S., PMID: 15798082

17.   Shu XO, Zheng Y, Cai H, et al. Soy food intake and breast cancer survival. JAMA. 2009;302:2437-2443.

18.   Guha N, Kwan ML, Quesenberry CP Jr, Weltzien EK, Castillo AL, Caan BJ. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;118:395-405

19.   Famularo G, De Simone C, Pandey, V, Sahu AR, Minosola G, “Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians?”. Med. Hypotheses 65 (6):1132-5. Doi:10.1016, PMID 16095846

20.   Taku K, Melby MK, Kronenberg F, Kurzer MS, Messina M. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 2012;19:776-790.

21.   Mitchell JH, Cawood E, Kinniburgh D, Provan A, Collins AR, Irvine DS. Effect of a phytoestrogen food supplements on reproductive health in normal males. Clin Sci (Lond). 2001;100:613-618.

22.   Kurzer MS. Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. J Nutr. 2002;132:570S-573S.

23.   Messina M, Redmond G. Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature. Thyroid. 2006;16:249-258.

24.   Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;54:1087-1096.

25.   Heaney RP, McCarron DA, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Dietary changes favorably affect bone remodeling in older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:1228-1233.

26.   Wu SH, Shu XO, Chow WH, et al. Soy food intake and circulating levels of inflammatory markers in Chinese Women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:996-1004.

27.   Pipe EA, Gobert CP, Capes SE, Darlington GA, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Soy protein reduces serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I ratios in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. 2009;139:1700-1706.

28.   Liu, XX, Li, SH, Chen, JZ et al, Effect of soy isoflavones on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

CHAPTER 5 ENERGIZING EXERCISE

1.     Sarma, A., M.D. et al., Exercise for Mental Health, Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 8(2):106, PMC:1470658

2.     Bequet F, Gomez-Merino, D et al., Exercise-induced changes in brain glucose and serotonin revealed by microdialysis in rat hippocampus: effect of glucose supplementation., Acta Physiol Scand. 2001 Oct;173(2):222-30.

3.     Rastogi Kalyani, R., M.D., Corriere, Mark, M.D., and Ferrucci, Luigi, M.D., Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol., 2014, Oct, 2(10):819-829, PMC 4156923

4.     Bi L., Triadafilopoulos, G., Exercise and gastrointestinal function and disease: an evidence –based review of risks and benefits., Clin. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Sep, 1(5):345-55

5.     Kossman DA, Williams, NI et al. Exercise lowers estrogen and progesterone levels in premenopausal women at high risk of breast cancer., J Appl Physiol (1985). 20011 Dec, 111(6):1687-93, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.003`9.2001, Epub 2011 Sep 8., PMC: 21903887

6.     Samadi, Z., Taghian,F. and Valiani, M., The effects of 8 weeks of regular exercise on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in non-athletic girls., Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2013 Jan-Feb; 18(1):14-19, PMC374854

7.     Silva, A.P. et al, Measurement of the Effect of Physical Exercise on the Concentration of Individuals with ADHD, PloS One. 2015; 10(3):e0122119., PMC437255

8.     Myers J, Kaykha A, George S, et al. Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men. Am J Med 2004;117:912-8. [PubMed]

9.     Hu FB, Willett WC, Li T, et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2694-703. [PubMed]

10.   Oguma Y, Shinoda-Tagawa T. Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women: review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2004;26:407-18. [PubMed]

11.   Chilibeck, PD, Sale, DG, Webber, CE, Exercise and bone mineral density., Sports Med. 1995, Feb19(2):103-22, PMID:7747001

12.   Bennell, K, Hinman, R, Exercise as a treatment for osteoarthritis, Curr Opin Rheumatol., 2005 Sept; 17(5):634-40., PMID:16093845

13.   Warburton, D.E.R., Nicole,C.W. & Bredin, S.D.D,, Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence, CMAJ. 2006 Mar 14; 174(6): 801–809., PMCID: PMC1402378,  doi:  10.1503/cmaj.051351

14.   National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (June 2006). "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 

15.   Perry, Christopher G.R, et al, “High-intensity aerobic interval training increases fat and carbohydrate metabolic capacities in human skeletal muscle”. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 33 (6):1112-23. 2008, Doi:10.1139h08-97, PMID 19088769

16.   Laursen, P.B.; Jenkins, David G., “The Scientific Basis for High-Intensity Training”. Sports Medicine 32 (1):53-73.doi:10216500007256-200232010-00003

17.   Talanian, J.L,; Galloway, S.D.R.; Heigenhauser, G.J.F.; Bonen, A.; Spriet, L.L, “Two weeks o fhigh-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women” Journal of Applied Physiology 102 (4):1439-47

CHAPTER 6 SUGAR YOU ARE SWEET ENOUGH

1.     Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, Sacks F, Steffen LM, Wylie-Rosett J; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention., Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association., Circulation. 2009 Sep 15;120(11):1011-20. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192627. Epub 2009 Aug 24., PMID:19704096

2.     Ahmed SH, Guillem K, Vandaele Y, Sugar addiction: pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit., Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Jul;16(4):434-9. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328361c8b8., PMID: 23719144

3.     Ruppel-Shell, Ellen, Artificial Sweeteners MayChange Our Gut Bacteria in Dangerous Ways, Scientific American Volume 312, Issue 4 , Mar 17,2015

4.     Kirtida R. Tandel, Sugar substitutes: Health controversy over perceived benefits, J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011 Oct-Dec; 2(4): 236–243., doi:  10.4103/0976-500X.85936, PMCID: PMC3198517

5.     Mercola, J., Artificial Sweeteners More Sour Than You Ever Imagined, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.mercola.com/Downloads/bonus/aspartame/report.aspx

6.     James, C (2011). "ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011". ISAAA Briefs. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). Retrieved 2012-06-02.

7.     Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M, Kieffer TJ, Rader D, Heiman M, Townsend RR, Keim NL, D'Alessio D, Havel PJ., Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Jun;89(6):2963-72., PMID: 15181085

8.     Teff KL, Grudziak J, Townsend RR, et al: Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1562-1569.

9.     Stanhope, Kimber et al, Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans, J Clin Invest. 2009 May 1; 119(5): 1322–1334. doi:  10.1172/JCI37385, PMCID: PMC2673878

10.   Ouyang, X. et al., Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,  Journal of Hepatology, June 2008 Volume 48, Issue 6, Pages 993–999, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.011

11.   Tappy L: Q&A: 'toxic' effects of sugar: should we be afraid of fructose? BMC Biol 2012;10:42.

12.   Heaney, UCLA, Cancer Res; 70(15); 6368–76, August 2

13.   Tandel, Kirtida R., Sugar substitutes: Health controversy over perceived benefits, J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2011 Oct-Dec; 2(4): 236–243. doi:  10.4103/0976-500X.85936, PMCID: PMC3198517

14.   Robbins, John, Healthy at 100, pg. 93, Retrieved May 2015

15.   Sears, Barry, The Harmful Effects of Excess Sugar, http://www.askdrsears.com/topics/family-nutrition/sugar/harmful-effects-excess-sugar, Retrieved May 2015

16.   Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K., The effects of diet on inflammation: emphasis on the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Aug 15;48(4):677-85. Epub 2006 Jul 24., PMID:16904534

17.   Arnaldez FI, Helman LJ (Jun 2012). "Targeting the insulin growth factor receptor 1". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 26 (3): 527–42, vii–viii. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2012.01.004. PMC 3334849. PMID 22520978.

18.   Yang Y, Yee D (Dec 2012). "Targeting insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in breast cancer". Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 17 (3-4): 251–61. doi:10.1007/s10911-012-9268-y. PMC 3534944. PMID 23054135.

19.   Gallagher EJ, LeRoith D (April 2011). "Is growth hormone resistance/IGF-1 reduction good for you?". Cell Metab. 13 (4): 355–6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.003. PMID 21459318.

20.   Cristiano Lima, The 57 Names of Sugar, Prevention, Oct. 15, 2013, Retrieved May 2015,

21.     Jang HJ, et al, JM (2007). "Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (38): 15069–15074.

CHAPTER 7 SALT… SPICE IT UP!

1.       Wood, Frank Osborner. "Salt (NaCl)". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved 9 October 2013.

2.      "Dietary sodium", MedLine Plus. , Retrieved May 2015

3.     Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1098–1104.

4.      Garg R, Williams GH, Hurwitz S, Brown NJ, Hopkins PN, Adler GK. Low-salt diet increases insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Metabolism – Clinical and Experimental. 2011;60(7):965-968.

5.     Nakandakare E, Charf A, Santos F, et al. Dietary salt restriction increases plasma lipoprotein and inflammatory marker concentrations in hypertensive patients. Atherosclerosis. 2008;200:410–6.

6.     Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Kuznwtsova T, Thijs L, et al. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and BP changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA. 2011;305:1777-1785.

7.     Tekol Y, Salt addiction: a different kind of drug addiction., Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(5):1233-4. Epub 2006 Jun 21., PMID:16790320

8.     Umesh Kapil, Health Consequences of Iodine Deficiency, Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2007 Dec; 7(3): 267–272., PMCID: PMC3074887

9.     Stoddard II, F. R.; Brooks, A. D.; Eskin, B. A.; Johannes, G. J. (2008). "Iodine Alters Gene Expression in the MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Line: Evidence for an Anti-Estrogen Effect of Iodine". International Journal of Medical Science 5 (4): 189–96. doi:10.7150/ijms.5.189. PMC 2452979. PMID 18645607.

10.   Chloride in Diet, Medline Plus, US National Library of Medicine, Retrieved May 2015 https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002417.htm

11.   Corriher, C.T., The Truth About Table Salt and The Chemical Industry, The Health Wyze Report, Retrieved June 2015, http://healthwyze.org/index.php/component/content/article/115-the-truth-about-table-salt-and-the-chemical-industry.html

12.   Mercola, J, Salt, Retrieved June 2015, http://www.mercola.com/infographics/unhealthy-foods/salt.htm

13.   Lelong, Helene, Galan, Pilar., et al, Relationship Between Nutrition and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the NutriNet-Santé Study, a French Web-based Cohort Study, Am J Hypertens, 2014, doi: 10.1093

14.   Strazzullo, Pasquale; D’Elia, Lanfranco; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin; Cappuccio, Francesco P. (2009). "Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies". British Medical Journal 339 (b4567). doi:10.1136/bmj.b4567. PMC 2782060. PMID 19934192. 

15.   "Prevention of cardiovascular disease". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2015. 

16.   He, FJ; Li, J; Macgregor, GA (3 April 2013). "Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 346: f1325. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1325. PMID 23558162. 

17.   Strom, Brian L.; Yaktine, Ann L.; Oria, Maria, eds. (2013). "Sodium intake in populations: assessment of evidence". Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Retrieved 17 October 2013.

18.   Caudarella R, Vescini F, Rizzoli E, Francucci CM., Salt intake, hypertension, and osteoporosis., J Endocrinol Invest. 2009;32(4 Suppl):15-20., PMID:19724161

19.   Lelong, Helene, Galan, Pilar., et al, Relationship Between Nutrition and Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from the NutriNet-Santé Study, a French Web-based Cohort Study, Am J Hypertens, 2014, doi: 10.1093

20.   Strazzullo, Pasquale; D’Elia, Lanfranco; Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin; Cappuccio, Francesco P. (2009). "Salt intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective studies". British Medical Journal 339 (b4567). doi:10.1136/bmj.b4567. PMC 2782060. PMID 19934192.

21.   Reduced Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cochrane Review), American Journal of Hypertension, August 2011: 24(8); 843-53, R. S. Taylor, et al.

22.    Fatal and Nonfatal Outcomes, Incidence of Hypertension, and Blood Pressure Changes in Relation to Urinary Sodium Excretion, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2011: 305(17); 1777-1785, Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek, MD, et al.

23.   Kagota S Tamashiro A, Yamaguchi Y, Nakamura K, Kunitomo M., High salt intake impairs vascular nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in spontaneously hypertensive rats., J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002 Jul;302(1):344-51., PMID:12065736

24.   Ogihara T Asano T, Ando K, Sakoda H, Anai M, Shojima N, Ono H, Onishi Y, Fujishiro M, Abe M, Fukushima Y, Kikuchi M, Fujita T., High-salt diet enhances insulin signaling and induces insulin resistance in Dahl salt-sensitive rats, Hypertension. 2002 Jul;40(1):83-9., PMID:12105143

25.   Thomas, George, M.D., Hidden Salt in Foods, Cleveland Clinic, July 25, 2013, Retrieved, May 2015, http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2013/07/hidden-salt-in-foods/

26.   Servan-Schreiber, D.,MD., PhD,  Anticancer: A New Way of Life, (Dr. Béliveau’s Research Trials), 2009

27.   Padiya R, Khatua TN, Bagul PK, Kuncha M, Banerjee SK., Garlic improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic syndromes in fructose fed rats., Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Jul 27;8:53. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-53., PMID:21794123

CHAPTER 8 SKINNY FATS

1.     Joanne Bradbury, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA): An Ancient Nutrient for the Modern Human Brain, Nutrients. 2011 May; 3(5): 529–554., Published online 2011 May 10. doi:  10.3390/nu3050529, PMCID: PMC3257695

2.     Mercola, Joseph & Lerner, Ben, Generation XL: Raising Healthy, Intelligent Kids in a High-Tech, Junk-Food World, Thomas Nelson Inc, Mar 18, 2007, pg.49

3.     Cholesterol And Now the Bad News, Time, March 26, 1984, Retrieved May 2015, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921647,00.html

4.     Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999–2010. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2012; 307(5):491–97. Available online: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx/articleid=1104933External Link Disclaimer

5.     Ogden CL, Carroll MD. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity among adults: United States, trends 1960–1962 through 2007–2008. NCHS Health E-Stat. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2010. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_07_08/ obesity_adult_07_08.pdf [PDF - 202.5 Kb]External Link Disclaimer

6.     Addis, Paul, Food and Nutrition News, March/April 1990, 62:2:7-10

7.     Cranton, E M, MD, and J P Frackelton, MD, Journal of Holistic Medicine, Spring/Summer 1984, 6-37

8.     Engelberg, Hyman, Lancet, Mar 21, 1992, 339:727-728; Wood, W G, et al, Lipids, Mar 1999, 34(3):225-234

9.     Alfin-Slater, R B, and L Aftergood, “Lipids,” Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 6th ed, R S Goodhart and M E Shils, eds, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1980, 134

10.   Benoiˆt Lamarche, PhD; Andre´ Tchernof, PhD; et al, Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles as a Predictor of the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Men, Prospective Results From the Que´bec Cardiovascular Study, Circulation, The American Heart Association, 1997, Retrieved May 2015, http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/95/1/69.abstract

11.   Christopher D. Gardner, PhD; Stephen P. Fortmann, MD; Ronald M. Krauss, MD, Association of Small Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles With the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease in Men and Women, JAMA. 1996;276(11):875-881. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110029028.

12.   Campos, H, Genest Jr, J.J, et al, Low-density lipoprotein particle size and coronary artery disease., Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1992; 12: 187-195 doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.12.2.187, The American Heart Association, 1992

13.   Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Ray K, Borén J, Andreotti F, Watts GF, Ginsberg H, Amarenco P, Catapano A, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoglu L, Tybjærg-Hansen A (December 2010). "Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status". Eur. Heart J. 31 (23): 2844–53. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386. PMC 3295201. PMID 20965889

14.   Ravnskov U,  The questionable role of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular disease., J Clin Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;51(6):443-60., PMID:9635993

15.   Mente A1, de Koning L, Shannon HS, Anand SS., A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease., Arch Intern Med. 2009 Apr 13;169(7):659-69. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.38.,  PMID:19364995

16.   Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L, et al, Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials, Am J Clin Nutr May 2003 vol. 77 no. 5 1146-1155, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 2003, Retrieved May 2015

17.    Dashti, H.M., et al. “Long-term effects of ketogenic diet in the obese subjects with high cholesterol levels.” Mol Cell Biohem. June 2006.

18.    Enig, Mary G, PhD, Trans Fatty Acids in the Food Supply: A Comprehensive Report Covering 60 Years of Research, 2nd Edition, Enig Associates, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, 1995, 4-8

19.   Dahlen, G H, et al, J Intern Med, Nov 1998, 244(5):417-24; Khosla, P, and K C Hayes, J Am Coll Nutr, 1996, 15:325-339; Clevidence, B A, et al, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 1997, 17:1657-1661

20.   Lawson LD, Kummerow F. beta-Oxidation of the coenzyme A esters of elaidic, oleic, and stearic acids and their full-cycle intermediates by rat heart mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;573:245–54.Medline

21.   Lawson, L D and F Kummerow, Lipids, 1979, 14:501-503; Garg, M L, Lipids, Apr 1989, 24(4):334-9

22.    Felton, C V, et al, Lancet, 1994, 344:1195

23.    Jones, P J, Am J Clin Nutr, Aug 1997, 66(2):438-46; Julias, A D, et al, J Nutr, Dec 1982, 112(12):2240-9

24.   Huang CB1, Alimova Y, Myers TM, Ebersole JL., Short- and medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity for oral microorganisms., Arch Oral Biol. 2011 Jul;56(7):650-4. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.011. Epub 2011 Feb 17., PMID:21333271

25.   Watkins, B A, et al, “Importance of Vitamin E in Bone Formation and in Chrondrocyte Function” Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, AOCS Proceedings, 1996; Watkins, B A, and M F Seifert, “Food Lipids and Bone Health,” Food Lipids and Health, R E McDonald and D B Min, eds, p 101, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY, 1996

26.   Nanji, A A, et al, Gastroenterology, Aug 1995, 109(2):547-54; Cha, Y S, and D S Sachan, J Am Coll Nutr, Aug 1994, 13(4):338-43; Hargrove, H L, et al, FASEB Journal, Meeting Abstracts, Mar 1999, #204.1, p A222.

27.   Garg, M L, et al, FASEB Journal, 1988, 2:4:A852; Oliart Ros, R M, et al, “Meeting Abstracts,” AOCS Proceedings, May 1998, 7, Chicago, IL

28.   Alfin-Slater, R B, and L Aftergood, “Lipids,” Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 6th ed, R S Goodhartand M E Shils, eds, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1980, 131

29.   Smith, M M, and F Lifshitz, Pediatrics, Mar 1994, 93:3:438-443

30.   Lopez-Garcia, E.; Schulze, M. B.; Meigs, J. B.; Manson, J. E.; Rifai, N.; Stampfer, M. J.; Willett, W. C.; Hu, F. B. (2005). "Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction". The Journal of nutrition 135 (3): 562–566. PMID 15735094.  

31.   Robert T. Gerber, Kathleen Holemans, Ivan O'Brien-Coker, Anthony I. Mallet, Rita Bree,F. André Assche, Lucilla Poston (1999). Cholesterol-independent endothelial dysfunction in virgin and pregnant rats fed a diet high in saturated fat. The Journal of Physiology, Volume 517 (2), pp. 607-616

32.    Encylopedia Britannica, 2007

33.    Oua, L., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid induces apoptosis of murine mammary tumor cells via Bcl-2 loss.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2007, pp. 1044-1049

34.   Whigham, L.D., A.C. Wattras, D.A. Schoeller. “Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans.” Am J Clin Nutr. May 2007, pp. 1203-11.

35.   Welch AA1, Shakya-Shrestha S, Lentjes MA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT., Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the product-precursor ratio [corrected] of α-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort., Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Nov;92(5):1040-51. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29457. Epub 2010 Sep 22., PMID: 20861171

36.   Albert, C.M., et al. N Engl J Med 2002:346:1113-1118

37.   New England Journal, 2002, 346, Retrieved May 2015,, University of Maryland Medical Center, Retrieved May 2015, Omega-3 fatty acids | University of Maryland Medical Center http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/omega3-fatty-acids#ixzz3auqCtlwn

38.   Lands, W.E.M.”Diets could prevent many diseases”, Lipids. 2003 Apr;38(4):317-21.PMID:12848276

39.   Kinsella, John E, Food Technology, October 1988, 134 ; Lasserre, M, et al, Lipids, 1985, 20:4:227

40.   Horrobin, D F, Reviews in Pure and Applied Pharmacological Sciences, Vol 4, 1983, Freund Publishing House, 339-383; Devlin, T M, ed, Textbook of Biochemistry, 2nd Ed, 1982, Wiley Medical, 429-430; Fallon, Sally, and Mary G Enig, PhD, “Tripping Lightly Down the Prostaglandin Pathways,” Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation Health Journal, 1996, 20:3:5-8

41.   Lasserre, M, et al, Lipids, 1985, 20:4:227

42.    The U.S. National Institutes of Health, Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health, Fact Sheet For Health Professionals, http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcidsandHealth-HealthProfessional/, Retrieved 2015

43.    http://www.fastlearner.org/WebsiteFiles/NIX6_Mar15.pdf, Retrieved 2015

44.   Lands, B and Lamoreaux, E, Using 3-6 differences in essential fatty acids rather than 3/6 ratios gives useful food balance scores, Nutrition & Metabolism 2012,9:46, http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/9/1/46

45.   : The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases; ARTEMIS P. IMOPOULOS; 2008 The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine; DOI: 10.3181/0711-MR-311.

46.   Omega 3 minus 6 Balance Scores, The Morgan County Forum for Arts, Sciences, and Technologies, Inc., Retrieved May 2015, http://www.fastlearner.org/Omega3-6Balance.htm

47.   Guidance for Industry: Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling, Nutrient Content Claims, Health Claims; Small Entity Compliance Guide, FDA, 2007, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm053479.htm

48.   Interesting Facts About Oils, Knoema. October 17, 2012, Retrieved May 2015, http://knoema.com/dlrioud/interesting-facts-about-edible-oils

49.   Common Cooking Oils & Facts, Skills You Need, 2013, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ps/fats-oils.html

50.   Gittleman, Ann Louise, MS, Beyond Pritikin, 1980, Bantam Books, New York, NY

51.   Silva NR., Mood food: chocolate and depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional analysis., Arch Intern Med. 2010 Sep 27;170(17):1608; author reply 1608-9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.331., PMID:20876417

52.   Taubert, Dirk; Renate Roesen; Clara Lehmann; Norma Jung; Edgar Schomig, “ Effects of Low Habitual Cocoa Intake on Blood Pressure and Bioactive Nitric Oxide”, The Journal of the American Medical Association 298 (1):49-60, do:10.1001/jama.298.1.49

53.   Matissek, Reinhard, “Evaluation of xanthine derivatives in chocolate-nutritional and chemical aspects”. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 205 (3): 175-184. Doi: 10.1007/s002170050148

54.   Nehlig, A., Daval, J., and Debry, G. “ Caffeine and the central nervous system mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects”. Brain Research Reviews 17 (2): 139-170.doi:10:1016/0165-0173 (92) 90012-B. PMID 1356551

 CHAPTER 9 CLEAN CARBS

1.     Campbell, J., Hauser M., & Hill, S., Nutritional characteristics of freshly ground breads, (n.d.) RetrievedMay 2015,  http://eap.mcgill.ca/publications/EAP35.htm

2.     Glycemic index and glycemic load for 100+ foods (n.d.) Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Glycemic_index_and_glycemic_load_for_100_foods.htm

3.     Valeur J, Morken MH, Norin E, Midtvedt T, Berstad A., Carbohydrate intolerance in patients with self-reported food hypersensitivity: comparison of lactulose and glucose., Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(12):1416-23. doi: 10.3109/00365520903348684, PMID: 19883270

4.     Sibley, E., Carbohydrate intolerance., Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004 Mar;20(2):162-7., PMID:15703639

5.     Ruiz, A.R., Jr., MD,  Carbohydrate Intolerance,  The Merc Manual, Professional Version, Retrieved May 2015, http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/malabsorption-syndromes/carbohydrate-intolerance

6.     Backes AC, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, McLaughlin TL, Reaven G, Palaniappan LP.PMID:19114407, Clinical experience with a relatively low carbohydrate, calorie-restricted diet improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic abnormalities in overweight, insulin resistant South Asian Indian women., Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):669-71.

7.     Spiller, G.A., Chernoff, M.C et al., Effect of purified cellulose, pectin, and a low-residue diet on fecal volatile fatty acids,transit time, and fecal weight in humans, ajcn.nutrition.org, Retrieved, Aug 2015

8.     Teff, KL; Elliott SS; Tschöp M; Kieffer TJ; Rader D; Heiman M; Townsend RR; Keim NL; D'Alessio D; Havel PJ (June 2004). "Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89 (6): 2963–72. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031855. PMID 15181085

9.     KJ, Zukley L, Lowndes J, Nguyen V, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM (2007). "Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose consumption on circulating glucose, insulin, leptin, and ghrelin and on appetite in normal-weight women". Nutrition (Elsevier) 23 (2): 103–12. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.11.001. PMID 17234503. 

10.   Bray, George A. (2007). "How bad is fructose?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 

11.   Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K (2005). "Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia". Nutrition & Metabolism 2 (5): 5. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-5. PMC 552336. PMID 15723702.

12.   Jürgens H; Haass W; Castañeda TR et al. (2005). "Consuming fructose-sweetened beverages increases body adiposity in mice". Obes. Res. 13 (7): 1146–56. doi:10.1038/oby.2005.136. PMID 16076983. 

13.   Hughes TA, Atchison J, Hazelrig JB, Boshell BR (1989). "Glycemic responses in insulin-dependent diabetic patients: effect of food composition". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49 (4): 658–66. PMID 2929488. 

14.   "Fructose and Diabetes". LIVESTRONG.COM. Retrieved 10 December 2014. 

15.   D. L. Curry (1989). "Effects of Mannose and Fructose on the Synthesis and Secretion of Insulin". Pancreas 4 (1): 2–9. doi:10.1097/00006676-198902000-00002. PMID 2654926. 

16.   Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL (1997). "Excess fruit juice consumption by preschool-aged children is associated with short stature and obesity". Pediatrics 99 (1): 15–22. PMID 8989331. 

17.   Grindell, J. (2010). Great Grain Robbery (Video). Retrieved from http://nutritionfacts.org/video/great-grain-robbery/

18.   The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment database". Cera-gmc.org. 30 June 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2012. 

19.   "U.S. Food and Drug Administration Biotechnology Consultation Note to the File BNF No. 000080". Cera-gmc.org. 18 January 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2012.

20.   Byrnes SE, Miller JC, Denyer GS., Amylopectin starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats., J Nutr. 1995 Jun;125(6):1430-7., PMID: 7782895

21.   Fasano A. "Physiological, pathological, and therapeutic implications of zonulin-mediated intestinal barrier modulation: living life on the edge of the wall." Am J Pathol. 2008 Nov;173(5):1243-52.

22.   Saja K, Chatterjee U, Chatterjee BP, Sudhakaran PR. "Activation dependent expression of MMPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells involves protein kinase." A. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007 Feb;296(1-2):185-92

23.   Ludvigsson JF, Montgomery SM, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Granath F. "Small-intestinal histopathology and mortality risk in celiac disease." JAMA. 2009 Sep 16;302(11):1171-8.

24.   Dalla Pellegrina C, Perbellini O, Scupoli MT, Tomelleri C, Zanetti C, Zoccatelli G, Fusi M, Peruffo A, Rizzi C, Chignola R. "Effects of wheat germ agglutinin on human gastrointestinal epithelium: insights from an experimental model of immune/epithelial cell interaction." Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Jun 1;237(2):146-53.

25.   Jaret, Peter. "The Truth About Gluten". WebMD. WebMD. Retrieved 30 March 2014. 

26.   Akobeng AK, Thomas AG (June 2008). "Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with celiac disease". Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (11): 1044–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03669.x. PMID 18315587. 

27.   Mooney, P; Aziz, I; Sanders, D (2013). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: clinical relevance and recommendations for future research". Neurogastroenterology & Motility 25 (11): 864–871. doi:10.1111/nmo.12216. PMID 23937528. 

28.   Nijeboer, P; Bontkes, H; Mulder, C; Bouma, G (2013). "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain?". Journal of gastrointestinal and liver disorders 22 (4): 435–40. PMID 24369326. 

29.   Fasano, A; Catassi, C (Dec 20, 2012). "Clinical practice. Celiac disease.". The New England Journal of Medicine 367 (25): 2419–26. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1113994. PMID 23252527

30.   Schuppan D, Junker Y, Barisani D (December 2009). "Celiac disease: from pathogenesis to novel therapies". Gastroenterology 137 (6): 1912–33. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.008. PMID 19766641

31.   Acreage NASS National Agricultural Statistics Board annual report, 30 June 2010. Retrieved May 2015.

32.   Jaffe,Greg (Director of Biotechnology at the Center for Science in the Public Interest) (February 7, 2013). "What You Need to Know About Genetically Engineered Food". Atlantic.

33.   "Soyatech.com". Soyatech.com. Retrieved May 2015

34.    Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils, 2006. Food Fats and Oils access date=2011-11-19

35.   National Cottonseed Producers Association Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil

36.   Michelle Simon for Food Safety News. August 24, 2011. ConAgra Sued Over GMO ’100% Natural’ Cooking Oils

37.   Gibson, PR; Peter R Gibson and Susan J Shepherd (2010). "Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 25 (2): 252–258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x. PMID 20136989.

38.   Low Carb Diet Diabetes.co.uk: Low carb diet, retrieved 9 August 2011

39.   Diabetes Group Backs Low-Carb Diets, HealthDay News on U.S. News and World Report, 28 December 2007

40.   Samaha, Frederick F.; Iqbal, Nayyar; Seshadri, Prakash; Chicano, Kathryn L.; Daily, Denise A.; McGrory, Joyce; Williams, Terrence; Williams, Monica et al. (2003). "A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity". New England Journal of Medicine 348 (21): 2074–81. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022637. PMID 12761364. 

41.   Foster, Gary D.; Wyatt, Holly R.; Hill, James O.; McGuckin, Brian G.; Brill, Carrie; Mohammed, B. Selma; Szapary, Philippe O.; Rader, Daniel J. et al. (2003). "A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity". New England Journal of Medicine 348 (21): 2082–90. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022207. PMID 12761365. 

42.   Dansinger, M. L.; Gleason, JA; Griffith, JL; Selker, HP; Schaefer, EJ (2005). "Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction: A Randomized Trial". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 293 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1001/jama.293.1.43. PMID 15632335.

43.   Merchant, Anwar T.; Vatanparast, Hassanali; Barlas, Shahzaib; Dehghan, Mahshid; Shah, Syed Mahboob Ali; De Koning, Lawrence; Steck, Susan E. (2009). "Carbohydrate Intake and Overweight and Obesity among Healthy Adults". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109 (7): 1165–72. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.04.002. PMC 3093919. PMID 19559132. 

44.   Bueno, Nassib B. (2013). "Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.". British Journal of Nutrition. doi:10.1017/S0007114513000548. 

45.   "Corrections to News item on carbohydrate, fat and obesity". 2013-11-27.

46.   Vistoli, G; De Maddis, D; Cipak, A; Zarkovic, N; Carini, M; Aldini, G (Aug 2013). "Advanced glycoxidation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs): an overview of their mechanisms of formation.". Free Radic Res. 47 (12): Suppl 1:3–27. doi:10.3109/10715762.2013.815348. PMID 10946212. 

47.   Glenn, J.; Stitt, A. (2009). "The role of advanced glycation end products in retinal ageing and disease". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790 (10): 1109–1116. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.04.016. PMID 19409449. edit

48.    R. D.; Ferrucci, L.; Sun, K.; Beck, J.; Dalal, M.; Varadhan, R.; Walston, J.; Guralnik, J. M.; Fried, L. P. (2009). "Advanced glycation end products and their circulating receptors predict cardiovascular disease mortality in older community-dwelling women". Aging clinical and experimental research 21 (2): 182–190. doi:10.1007/BF03325227. PMC 2684987. PMID 19448391. 

49.   Semba, R.; Najjar, S.; Sun, K.; Lakatta, E.; Ferrucci, L. (2009). "Serum carboxymethyl-lysine, an advanced glycation end product, is associated with increased aortic pulse wave velocity in adults". American journal of hypertension 22 (1): 74–79. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.320. PMC 2637811. PMID 19023277.

50.   Yan, S. F.; D'Agati, V.; Schmidt, A. M.; Ramasamy, R. (2007). "Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE): a formidable force in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes & aging". Current molecular medicine 7 (8): 699–710. doi:10.2174/156652407783220732. PMID 18331228.

51.   Srikanth, V; Maczurek, A; Phan, T; Steele, M; Westcott, B; Juskiw, D; Münch, G (May 2011). "Advanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease.". Neurobiology of Aging 32 (5): 763–77. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016. PMID 19464758.

52.   Haus, JM; Carrithers, JA; Trappe, SW; Trappe, TA (December 2007). "Collagen, cross-linking, and advanced glycation end products in aging human skeletal muscle.". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 103 (6): 2068–76. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2007. PMID 17901242. 

53.   Uribarri, J; Woodruff, S; Goodman, S; Cai, W; Chen, X; Pyzik, R; Yong, A; Striker, GE; Vlassara, H (June 2010). "Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 110 (6): 911–16.e12. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018. PMC 3704564. PMID 20497781.

54.   Koschinsky, T; He, CJ; Mitsuhashi, T; Bucala, R; Liu, C; Buenting, C; Heitmann, K; Vlassara, H (Jun 10, 1997). "Orally absorbed reactive glycation products (glycotoxins): an environmental risk factor in diabetic nephropathy.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (12): 6474–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6474. PMC 21074. PMID 9177242.

55.   López-Alarcón M1, Perichart-Perera O2, Flores-Huerta S3, Inda-Icaza P4, Rodríguez-Cruz M1, Armenta-Álvarez A1, Bram-Falcón MT1, Mayorga-Ochoa M, Excessive refined carbohydrates and scarce micronutrients intakes increase inflammatory mediators and insulin resistance in prepubertal and pubertal obese children independently of obesity., Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:849031. doi: 10.1155/2014/849031. Epub 2014 Nov 16., PMID:25477716

56.   Una Bradley, Michelle Spence, C. Hamish Courtney,1 Michelle C. McKinley,  Cieran N. Ennis, David R. McCance,  Jane McEneny,  Patrick M. Bell,  Ian S. Young,  and Steven J. Hunter, Low-Fat Versus Low-Carbohydrate Weight Reduction Diets, Effects on Weight Loss, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Control Trial, Diabetes. 2009 Dec; 58(12): 2741–2748., Published online 2009 Aug 31. doi:  10.2337/db09-0098, PMCID: PMC2780863

CHAPTER 10 POWER PROTEIN

1.     Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports

2.     Hermann, Janice R. "Protein and the Body". Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources • Oklahoma State University: T–3163–1 – T–3163–4. 

3.     Leidy HJ, Clifton PM, Astrup A, Wycherley TP, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Woods SC, Mattes RD, The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance., Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Apr 29. pii: ajcn084038., PMID:25926512

4.     Brehm BJ1, D'Alessio DA., Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Oct;15(5):416-21. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e328308dc13., PMID:18769212

5.     Lemon P.W, Proctor D.N., Protein intake and athletic performance, PMID:1763249, Sports Med. 1991 Nov;12(5):313-25., PMID: 1763249

6.     Genton, Laurence; Melzer, Katarina; Pichard, Claude (2010). "Energy and macronutrient requirements for physical fitness in exercising subjects". Clinical Nutrition 29 (4): 413–423. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2010.02.002. PMID 20189694.

7.     Lemon, PW (June 1995). "Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids?". Int J Sport Nutr. 5 Suppl: S39–61. PMID 7550257.

8.     Tarnopolsky MA, Atkinson SA, MacDougall JD, Chesley A, Phillips S, Schwarcz HP (1992). "Evaluation of protein requirements for trained strength athletes". Journal of Applied Physiology 73 (5): 1986–95. PMID 1474076.

9.     Practical Sports Nutrition, 2007 and The Position of the American Dietetic Association and American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition & Athletic Performance

10.   Craig WJ, Mangels AR; American Dietetic Association., Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets., J Am Diet Assoc. 2009 Jul;109(7):1266-82., PMID:19562864

11.   Young VR, Pellett PL (1994). "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (5 Suppl): 1203S–1212S. PMID 8172124.

12.   Vegetarians: Pondering Protein?, DrWeil.com, Dec. 11, 2002

13.   Attwood, Charles R. "Complete" Proteins?, VegSource.com

14.   Complementary Protein Myth Won't Go Away!, Jeff Novick, M.S., R.D., Healthy Times (May 2003)

15.   Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, published by the Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board, currently available online at http://fnic.nal.usda.gov/dietary-guidance/dietary-reference-intakes/dri-reports

16.   Young VR (1994). "Adult amino acid requirements: the case for a major revision in current recommendations" (PDF). J. Nutr. 124 (8 Suppl): 1517S–1523S. PMID 8064412

17.   Amino acid need from the World Health Organization4, food composition from the USDA nutrient database, retrieved 2015.

18.   Gibson, PR; Peter R Gibson and Susan J Shepherd (2010). "Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 25 (2): 252–258. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x. PMID 20136989

19.   Reddy and Sathe, Food Phytates, 2002

20.   Di Stefano M, Miceli E, Gotti S, Missanelli A, Mazzocchi S, Corazza GR. The effect of oral alpha-galactosidase on intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms., Dig Dis Sci. 2007 Jan;52(1):78-83. Epub 2006 Dec 7., PMID:17151807

21.   Famularo G and others. Probiotic lactobacilli: an innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians? Medical Hypotheses 2005 65(6):1132–5.

22.   Malleshi NG. Nutritive value of malted millet flours. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 1986 36:191–6.

23.   Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, Seyler J, Weber J, Bagshaw D, Griel A, Psota T, Kris-Etherton P., A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults., J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):514-21. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.099440. Epub 2009 Jan 21., PMID:19158228

24.   Halton TL1, Hu FB.The effects of high protein diets on thermogenesis, satiety and weight loss: a critical review., J Am Coll Nutr. 2004 Oct;23(5):373-85., PMID:15466943

25.   Denise A Walker Lasker, Ellen M Evans,and Donald K Layman, Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial, Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008; 5: 30., Published online 2008 Nov 7. doi:  10.1186/1743-7075-5-30, PMCID: PMC2585565

26.   Douglas Paddon-Jones and Blake B. Rasmussen, Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of sarcopenia, Protein, amino acid metabolism and therapy, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Jan; 12(1): 86–90. , doi:  10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831cef8b, PMCID: PMC2760315

27.   Beasley JM, Shikany JM, Thomson CA., The role of dietary protein intake in the prevention of sarcopenia of aging., Nutr Clin Pract. 2013 Dec;28(6):684-90. doi: 10.1177/0884533613507607. Epub 2013 Oct 25., PMID:2416331

28.     Wallace et al., 1995xInvoluntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidence and clinical significance. Wallace, J.I., Schwartz, R.S., LaCroix, A.Z., Uhlmann, R.F., and Pearlman, R.A. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1995; 43: 329–337

29.     Bartali et al., 2006xLow nutrient intake is an essential componenent of fralty in older persons. , L.J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2006; 61:589-593

30.     World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations University (2007). "Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition" (PDF). WHO Press. Retrieved May 2015

31.   What we eat in American, NAHNES, 2005-2006, individuals 2 years and over (excluding breast-fed children) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. Nutrient Intakes from Food: Mean Amounts and Percentages of Calories from Protein, Carbohydrates, Fat, and Alcohol, One Day, 2005-2006. www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg.

32.   Time Magazine, “The Grass-Fed Revolution” (2006) http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1200759,00.html

33.   Santesso N1, Akl EA, Bianchi M, Mente A, Mustafa R, Heels-Ansdell D, Schünemann HJ, Effects of higher- versus lower-protein diets on health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis., Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Jul;66(7):780-8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.37. Epub 2012 Apr 18., PMID:22510792

34.   Eric C Westman,  William S Yancy, Jr, John C Mavropoulos, Megan Marquart,  and Jennifer R McDuffie,, The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, ublished online 2008 Dec 19., Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008; 5: 36., doi:  10.1186/1743-7075-5-36, PMCID: PMC2633336

35.   Westman EC, Yancy WS, Edman JS, Tomlin KF, Perkins CE., “Carbohydrate Diet Program”, American Journal of Medicine 113, 2002; Jul; 113 (1): 30-36

36.   Einenstein J., S.B. Roberts, G. Dallal, E. Saltzman.`High-protein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work ?. A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. `Nutr Rev. 2002, pp. 189-200.

37.   Martin, W; Armstrong, Rodriquez (December 2005). "Dietary protein intake and renal function". Nutrition and Metabolism 2 (25). doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-25. Retrieved March 20, 2012. 

38.   Brocklebank, J T; Wolfe (December 1993). "Dietary treatment of renal insufficiency".. Archives of Disease in Childhood 69 (6): 704–8. PMC 1029661. PMID 8285787.

39.   Bilsborough S, Mann N., A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans., Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Apr;16(2):129-52., PMID:1677992

40.   Lemon, Peter (2000). "Beyond the Zone: Protein Needs of Active Individuals". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (5): 513–521. doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718974. PMID 11023001.

41.   Poortmans, J.R., O.Dellalieux. ``Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes ?`Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metabl. 2000, pp.28-38

42.   Kenyon C, Chang J, Gensch E, Rudner A, Tabtiang R (1993). "A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type". Nature (journal) 366 (6454): 461–464. doi:10.1038/366461a0. PMID 8247153. 

43.   Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G., Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men., N Engl J Med. 2004 Mar 11;350(11):1093-103., PMID:15014182

44.   Hu FB,, Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health, Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1 Suppl):242S-247S., PMID:16002829

45.    Lagiou P, Sandin S, Lof M, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Weiderpass E., Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: prospective cohort study., BMJ. 2012 Jun 26;344:e4026. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4026., PMID:227351

46.   Morgan E. Levine, Jorge A. Suarez, Sebastian Brandhorst, Priya Balasubramanian, Chia-Wei Cheng, Federica Madia, Luigi Fontana, Mario G. Mirisola, Jaime Guevara-Aguirre, Junxiang Wan, Giuseppe Passarino, Brian K. Kennedy, Min Wei, Pinchas Cohen, Eileen M. Crimmins, Valter D. Longo, Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population, Cell Metabolism, Volume 19, Issue 3, p407–417, 4 March 2014

47.   Brown-Borg and Bartke, 2012xGH and IGF1: roles in energy metabolism of long-living GH mutant mice. Brown-Borg, H.M. and Bartke, A. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012; 67: 652–660

48.   Brown-Borg et al., 1996xDwarf mice and the ageing process. Brown-Borg, H.M., Borg, K.E., Meliska, C.J., and Bartke, A. Nature. 1996; 384: 33

49.   Masternak and Bartke, 2012xGrowth hormone, inflammation and aging. Masternak, M.M. and Bartke, A. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis. 2012; 2

50.   Morgan E. Levine, Jorge A. Suarez, Sebastian Brandhorst, Priya Balasubramanian, Chia-Wei Cheng, Federica Madia, Luigi Fontana, Mario G. Mirisola, Jaime Guevara-Aguirre, Junxiang Wan, Giuseppe Passarino, Brian K. Kennedy, Min Wei, Pinchas Cohen, Eileen M. Crimmins, Valter D. Longo, Low Protein Intake Is Associated with a Major Reduction in IGF-1, Cancer, and Overall Mortality in the 65 and Younger but Not Older Population, Cell Metabolism, Volume 19, Issue 3, p407–417, 4 March 201

51.   Kolb, H. and Kolb-Bachofen, V. 1998. Nitric oxide in autoimmune disease: cytotoxic or regulatory mediator? Immunology Today,19 (12), 556-561

52.   The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, (1998). Press Release; The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1998. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/press.html.

53.   Maria Annunziata Carluccio; Luisa Siculella; Maria Assunta Ancora; Marika Massaro; Egeria Scoditti; Carlo Storelli; Francesco Visioli; Alessandro Distante; Raffaele De Caterina (2003). Olive Oil and Red Wine Antioxidant Polyphenols Inhibit Endothelial Activation. Arteriosclerosis,

54.   Simka, M. (2008) Blood Brain Barrier Compromise with Endothelial Inflammation may Lead to Autoimmune Loss of Myelin during Multiple Sclerosis. Current Neurovascular Research, 6 (2); 1-8

55.   Kolb, H. and Kolb-Bachofen, V. 1998. Nitric oxide in autoimmune disease: cytotoxic or regulatory mediator? Immunology Today,19 (12), 556-561Niu W, Qi Y. "An updated meta-analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene: three well-characterized polymorphisms with hypertension". PloS One 6 (9): e24266. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024266. PMID 21912683. 

56.   Dai B, Liu T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang Z (Apr 2013). "The polymorphism for endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, the level of nitric oxide and the risk for pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis". Gene 519 (1): 187–93. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.004. PMID 23375994. 

57.   Shoukry A, Shalaby SM, Abdelazim S, Abdelazim M, Ramadan A, Ismail MI, Fouad M (Jun 2012). "Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and the risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 16 (6): 574–9. doi:10.1089/gtmb.2011.0218. PMID 22313046. 

58.   Taverna MJ, Elgrably F, Selmi H, Selam JL, Slama G (Aug 2005). "The T-786C and C774T endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms independently affect the onset pattern of severe diabetic retinopathy". Nitric Oxide 13 (1): 88–92. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2005.04.004. PMID 15890549. 

59.   Eröz R, Bahadir A, Dikici S, Tasdemir S (Sep 2014). "Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (894G/T, -786T/C, G10T) and clinical findings in patients with migraine". Neuromolecular Medicine 16 (3): 587–93. doi:10.1007/s12017-014-8311-0. PMID 24845269. 

60.   Safarinejad MR, Khoshdel A, Shekarchi B, Taghva A, Safarinejad S (Jun 2011). "Association of the T-786C, G894T and 4a/4b polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction in Iranian subjects". BJU International 107 (12): 1994–2001. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09755.x. PMID 20955262.

61.   Andrew J.M. Broadley, Ania Korszun, Eltigani Abdelaal, Valentina Moskvina, John Deanfield, Christopher J.H. Jones and Michael P. Frenneaux (2006). Metyrapone Improves Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Treated Depression. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48:170-175

62.   El Solh Ali A.; AKINNUSI Morohunfolu E.; BADDOURA Fadi H., MANKOWSKI Corey R. (2007). Endothelial cell apoptosis in obstructive sleep apnea : A link to endothelial dysfunction. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 175 (11), 1186-1191.

63.   Barak F, Falahi E, Keshteli AH, Yazdannik A, Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Red meat intake, insulin resistance, and markers of endothelial function among Iranian women., Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015 Feb;59(2):315-22. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400333. Epub 2014 Nov 17., PMID:25312838

64.   Boudi, Brian F. "Noncoronary Atherosclerosis". Medscape

65.   Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, Nelson JF, Astle CM, Flurkey K, Nadon NL, Wilkinson JE, Frenkel K, Carter CS, Pahor M, Javors MA, Fernandez E, Miller RA (July 2009). "Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice". Nature 460 (7253): 392–5. doi:10.1038/nature08221. PMC 2786175. PMID 19587680

66.   Rosner M, Hanneder M, Siegel N, Valli A, Fuchs C, Hengstschläger M (June 2008). "The mTOR pathway and its role in human genetic diseases". Mutat. Res. 659 (3): 284–92. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.06.001. PMID 18598780. 

67.   Li X, Alafuzoff I, Soininen H, Winblad B, Pei JJ (August 2005). "Levels of mTOR and its downstream targets 4E-BP1, eEF2, and eEF2 kinase in relationships with tau in Alzheimer's disease brain". FEBS J. 272 (16): 4211–20. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04833.x. PMID 16098202. 

68.   Chano T, Okabe H, Hulette CM (July 2007). "RB1CC1 insufficiency causes neuronal atrophy through mTOR signaling alteration and involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's diseases". Brain Res. 1168 (1168): 97–105. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.075. PMID 17706618. 

69.   Selkoe DJ (September 2008). "Soluble oligomers of the amyloid beta-protein impair synaptic plasticity and behavior". Behav Brain Res. 192 (1): 106–13. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.016. PMC 2601528. PMID 18359102. 

70.   Oddo S (January 2012). "The role of mTOR signaling in Alzheimer disease". Front Biosci. 4 (4): 941–52. doi:10.2741/s310. PMID 22202101.

71.   Lamming DW, Ye L, Katajisto P, Goncalves MD, Saitoh M, Stevens DM, Davis JG, Salmon AB, Richardson A, Ahima RS, Guertin DA, Sabatini DM, Baur JA (March 2012). "Rapamycin-induced insulin resistance is mediated by mTORC2 loss and uncoupled from longevity". Science 335 (6076): 1638–43. doi:10.1126/science.1215135. PMC 3324089. PMID 22461615

72.   Beevers CS, Li F, Liu L, Huang S (2006). "Curcumin inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated signaling pathways in cancer cells". Int J Cancer 119 (4): 757–64. doi:10.1002/ijc.21932. PMID 16550606.

73.   Tang G, Gudsnuk K, Kuo SH, Cotrina ML, Rosoklija G, Sosunov A, Sonders MS, Kanter E, Castagna C, Yamamoto A, Yue Z, Arancio O, Peterson BS, Champagne F, Dwork AJ, Goldman J, Sulzer D (2014). "Loss of mTOR-Dependent Macroautophagy Causes Autistic-like Synaptic Pruning Deficits". Neuron 83: 1131–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.040. PMID 25155956

74.   Zhou H, Luo Y, Huang S (September 2010). "Updates of mTOR inhibitors". Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10 (7): 571–81. PMC 2980558. PMID 20812900

75.   Rand, William M; Pellett, Peter L; Young, Vernon R (2003). "Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (1): 109–27. PMID 12499330

76.   Hegsted, D, “Minimum Protein Requirement of Adults. “ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, (1968):3520

77.   Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2002

78.   Willcox, B. J.; Willcox, D. C.; Todoriki, H.; Fujiyoshi, A.; Yano, K.; He, Q.; Curb, J. D.; Suzuki, M. (2007). "Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1114: 434–55. doi:10.1196/annals.1396.037. PMID 17986602.

79.   Pes, G.M.; Tolu, F.; Poulain, M.; Errigo, A.; Masala, S.; Pietrobelli, A.; Battistini, N.C.; Maioli, M. (2013). "Lifestyle and nutrition related to male longevity in Sardinia: An ecological study". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 23 (3): 212–9. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.05.004. PMID 21958760.

80.   Keys, Ancel; Kimura, Noboru (1970). "Diets of Middle-Aged Farmers in Japan". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23 (2): 212–23. PMID 5415568.

81.   Dunaif G, Campbell T. Relative contribution of dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver. J Natl Cancer Inst; 78:365-369,1987

82.   Youngman L, Campbell T. Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential. Carcinogenesis;13:1607-1613, 1992.

83.   Cohen P. Serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and prostate cancer risk-interpreting the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:876-879

84.   Hankinson SE, Willet WC, Colditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 1998;351:1393-1396

85.   Gao X, La Valley Mp, Tucker KL Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Dec 7;97 (23):1768-1777

86.   Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Milk, milk products and lactose intake and ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int J Cancer. 2006 jan 15; 118(2);431-441

87.   Campbell, C. & Campbell, T, The China Study, December 11, 2004;  ISBN 978-1932100389

88.   National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, 2009, Retrieved May 2015,  http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=8964

89.   Krebs NF, Primak LE, Hambridge KM. Normal childhood nutrition & its disorders. In: Current Pediatric Diagnosis & Treatment. McGraw-Hill.

90.   Morley, J.E., MB., BCh, Protein-Energy Undernutrition,  The Merc Manual Professional Edition, Retrieved, May 2015, http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/undernutrition/protein-energy-undernutrition